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] O’Brien, op. cit., p. 267.
[17] For the stationary state cf. J. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis 1954, pp. 570—1. The crucial formulation is John Stuart Mill’s Principles of Political Economy, Book IV, chapter iv: ‘When a country has long possessed a large production, and a large net income to make saving from, and when, therefore, the means have long existed of making a great annual addition to capital; it is one of the characteristics of such a country, that the rate of profit is habitually within, as it were, a hand’s breadth of the minimum, and the country therefore on the very verge of the stationary state... The mere continuance of the present annual increase in capital if no circumstances occurred to counter its effect would suffice in a small number of years to reduce the net rate of profit to the minimum.’ However, when this was published 1848 the counteracting force-the wave of development induced by the railways-had already shown itself.
[18] By the r
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